ࡱ> MzRoot Entry F~4o@Data %1Table6WordDocument~f  !"#$5&'()*+,01234B6789:;<=>?@AhCDEFGHIJKLNOPQRSTpaijklmn{qrsuvwxy`|SummaryInformation( DocumentSummaryInformation8CompObjX0Table/16Root Entry FT4@Data %1Table2WordDocumentd -&'()*+,.U01234BCDEFGHIJKLNOPQRSTpVWXYZ[\]^_bacdefgqrsuvwxy`SummaryInformation( DocumentSummaryInformation8CompObjX0Table/16 [(@(NormalCJmH <A@<Default Paragraph Font'H!       G !%'}w6M-.stqrst    fgh'()m6789{4Nbghijkl  J c F G 92Scs@A/C[ust#S*Hu(\ !=!v!!!q""""""""" ###.#8#O# humans and other mammals) but also size, energy supply of young (seeds w/ endoseprm??, eggs with large yolks, mammals with long gestations). Trade off apparent in relationship between offspr size and number (Lack's tendency)  Environment of offspring important, not parent as in timing of reproduction. Natural selection is the ability to pass traits on to future generations, not just the next generation. If a trait becomes more common in the next generation, but those individuals can not survive, the trait will never be selected for in the long run (remember, natural selection is cumulative) The fewer the young, the more energy the parent can devote to each offspring. Again, env. influences the pattern. e.g.: 1. Clutch size - How many eggs should a bird lay? Can only provide so much food. If food comes into short supply, than it doesn't matter how many genes are passed on. Swiss starlings - David Lack (1948) Clutch size No. of nests w/ % surviving that clutch size after 3 mo. 1 65 none 2 328 1.8 3 1278 2.0 4 3956 2.1 5 6175 2.1 high repro. and survival 6 3156 1.7 7 651 1.5 8 120 0.8 9, 10 28 none ^produce as many as possible? ^but cost in terms of mortality 2. Little parental care by species in open ocean where parental care would be difficult (exception would be whales and dolphins where sophisticated brains make it possible). e.g. Mola mola - ocean sun fish produce 200 million eggs/brood 3. Plants and animals in unpredictable environments may produce many small offspring capable of widespread dispersal i.e. Fugitive Species. Bet hedging strategy that some individuals will find a favorable, newly available habitat (for example dune plants along a beach or crustacean species in temporary ponds). But can not permenantly inhabit such an area because trade off is poor competitive abilities. Environmental effects seen in declining clutch/liter size in more tropical env. Several theoires associated with inc. difficult supplying food (shorter day lengths, more competition, 3. Age, size, and fecundity Both time of first reproduction and size/number of offspring can be affected by size (~plants/inverts/fish - indeterminant growth) and age (verts-determinant growth) Gizzard shad (textbook) Age eggs/brood % spawning 2 59,000 15% 3 215,000 80% Delay of first reproduction in Albatroses attributed to time needed to learn sufficient foraging skills. Feed 10-100 miles offshore for up to 1 wk. Food so sarce that chicks shutdown in coma state while parent foraging. How does the environment determine these strategies: r-K Selection Two extremes for reproductive strategies dealing with environmental predictabilty. Species lie on a continuum. Over-simplistic, but a useful descriptor to concisely describe a set of life history traits. r-selection K-selection <-------------------------------------------------------------------------> environment: uncrowded crowded, saturated variable, unpredictable stable, predictable mortality dens.-indep mortality density-dependent resources abundant resources depleted competition lax (var.) competion keen (constant) Selection favors small size larger size, better comp. ability short life longer lives early reproduction delayed reproduction rapid reproduction slower reproduction many small offspring few larger offspring minimal parental care more parental care Terms derived from r (rate of popln. growth) and K (maximum population an env. can support) in population growth equations to be described later Example: Not a perfect concept: Are fugitive species r or K? If fugitive arrives in new area, then all effort must be put into reproduction (r-like), but probability of finding new area is likely low so reproduction must be delayed (K-like). Stearns (1976, Life-history tactics: a review of the ideas) 6 types of environmental variability. Combinations of: -regular fluctuations (cycles) -unpredictability -generation time relative to period of fluctuations e.g. #2 cyclic, predictable, <f in fishes, m->f in molluscs simultaneous monoecious -usually mechanisms to prevent self-fertilization parthogenesis - females produce young with out fertilization. -determined by ecological factors (like reproductive strategies) that influence survival and reproductive success e.g. Rotifers - reproduction: populations mostly female, sexual producing resting egg female (2N) ! female (2N) ! female (2N) ! female (2N) ! full meiosis haploid female ! ! fertilize unfertilized resting egg haploid male (will predominate at first due to lack ! of males to fert.) ! female (2N) Evolution of sex an interesting, not satisfactorily solved problem of survival versus reproductions. The costs to survival are heavy in terms of: -mate seeking, courtship (sexual selection adaptation clearly non-adaptive for survival) -genetically, genes are diluted by half. 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"q"u""""""""""####%#8#A#O#V#######T$X$$$$$%%%%&*&&&&&8'>'' JM DirnbergerF Macintosh HD :Family:Joe:LecPopEcolLifeHist:Life History PatternsITSF Macintosh HD :Family:Joe:LecPopEcolLifeHist:Life History Patterns          hh. hhOJQJo( hhOJQJo( hhOJQJo( hhOJQJo( hhOJQJo( hhOJQJo( hhOJQJo( hhOJQJo(  @ .4  & F ?h & F ?hC$ & F?? 5B* CJ56C$Eƀb'C$Eƀ5B* b'C$EƀB* b' & F  ?hhlC$Eƀb' & F F ?hhlC$Eƀb'6>* & F?¼h& & F?hhC$ & F ?h" & F?hhC$ & F?hh & F ? h$C$Eƀb' & FhC$ & F ?hh & Fh ?hhC$ & F?h & F$ ?hh$C$ & F$ ?hh$ & F ? h$" & F$?h h$C$FCJltpq"#?L\z   dehory Patterns - optimization of success in the evolution of a populationortly after birth, produce manyand The key to understanding 'life history patterns' is to understand the following diagram: How can a limited amount of energy be allocated by an individual? To express this mathematically (as stated in the previous lecture) For a population that has existed over many generation, aaaais aais Therefore, the basic question in examining life history patterns is what environmental factors explain the al    #(FGjklmn#$%&56789_z{34MNabfghjk  " I J b g 5 9 E F G u ''0@1 @0 @0 @1 @0 @0 @1P @1L0 @0*@1>L1@L1TL12@1VL1pL1p@1H1@1L1@1L0T@1J0J0@ 1L1M0M1N 1XT 0 0N 1N 0ZT 1 1 1 O 1 1O 1 0 1 1O1 1 1O1 1O 0 1 1O1 1 1O1 1O 0 0$O 1\1`O 1\1O 0\1\1O0\1J\1x\1\1\1\1\1]1]1]1]0TP0VP 0M0M1M1M0@1T1V1 T0T1@0@1@0@1V14@0R@1V@0T1.@!0T0z@#1T1@%1T1T1d@ 1T1 0@'1@)0@+1@-0@+1@-0*@+1.@/06@10VT0N0X 0\ 0 0@0@1X0@0X1@0@31@0 X1^@0@30X1^0X0X0@0@51@0X1 @0X0!@1 X0!@04X0!@16X1Y1Y00Y02Y1!@0."@0F0@50~0@0X@GTimes New Roman5Symbol3 ArialCComic Sans MS3Times"qhCrKr W E$20d'm ,Life History Patterns (Evolutionary Ecology) JM DirnbergerITS  deh    #(FGjklmn#$%&56789_z{")*+Igijf h  # $ ~    F G H I a    " ' ( ) ;< %.R->.!8!9!:!;!L1@L1TL12@1VL1pL1p@1H1@1L1@1L0T@1J0J0@ 1L1M0M1N 1XT 0 0N 1N 0ZT 1 1 1 O 1 1O 1 0 1 1O1 1 1O1 1O 0 1 1O1 1 1O1 1O 0 0$O 1\1`O 1\1O 0\1\1O0\1J\1x\1\1\1\1\1]1]1]1]0TP0VP 0M0M1M1M0@1T1V1 T0T1@0@1@0@1V14@0R@1V@0T1.@!0`1LV@ 0~V@#1`0V@#0T%0z@'1T1@)1T1T1d@ 1T1 0@+1@-0@/1@10@/1@10*@/1.@306@50VT0N0X 0\ 1`0 0@06`0@0@1X0@0X1@0@71@0 X1^@0@70X1^0X0X0@0@91@0X1 @0X0!@1 X0!@04X0!@16X1Y1Y00Y02Y1!@0."@0:`1 +@0<`0>`1`1 a00a0+@02a1p-@;04a0D0@1F0@91@=1a1@=0V0@91~0@1@a00@0a1a01@0a1,4@0d04@0a0J>@1a1a0JV@0X@0X@GTimes New Roman5Symbol3 ArialCComic Sans MS3Times"1hCrKr b E$0d' ,Life History Patterns (Evolutionary Ecology) JM DirnbergerITS FMicrosoft Word DocumentNB6WWord.Document.8 ՜.+,D՜.+,X hp|  'KSUE': -Life History Patterns (Evolutionary Ecology) Title 6>@/1.@306@50VT0N0X 0\ 1`0 0@06`0@0@1X0@0X1@0@71@0 X1^@0@70X1^0X0X0@0@91@0X1 @0X0!@1 X0!@04X0!@16X1Y1Y00Y02Y1!@0."@0:`1 +@0<`0>`1`1 a00a0+@02a1p-@;04a0D0@1F0@91@=1a1@=0V0@91~0@1@a00@0a1a01@0a0,4@0a0J>@1a1a0JV@0X@0X@GTimes New Roman5Symbol3 ArialCComic Sans MS3Times"qhCr Kr a E$20d' ,Life History Patterns (Evolutionary Ecology) JM DirnbergerITS/09:Q% W"X"$$8%9%u%~%%%&b&&<l W"X"$$8%9%u%~%%%&b&&'$'k'w'}'''''''''''L(T(`(a((N)w))S*p****&+@+q++++,,,w,x,y,z, 9&'$'k'w'}'''''''''''L(T(`(a((N)w))S*p*l$$$p****&+@+q++++,,,w,x,y,z,JJJMMMMMNNNl/ =!"#$%grow rapidly, Beetle JPEG t} _PID_GUID'AN{0C0D5180-3B79-11D7-ADFA-003065A124D2} Oh+'0   < H T`hpx'-Life History Patterns (Evolutionary Ecology)8.0ifeJM DirnbergeratM DNormalbITS13Microsoft Word 8.0n@ @^F@tMw  The concept pf c z,jbjbSS f11!Life History Patterns (Evolutionary Ecology) Aldo Leopold stated that to understand ecological systems "we must think at right angles to evolution and examine the collective behavior of biotic materials. This calls for a reversal of specialization; instead of learning more and more about less and less, we must learn more and more about the whole biotic landscape". Evolution cannot be understood without the ecological knowledge of the interaction between environment and survival and reproduction. Ecolo-ip $Lo ^  u p{@mK^ CJOJQJ5CJOJQJjOJQJU5>*CJOJQJ5CJEHOJQJCJEHOJQJ >*OJQJ5>*OJQJ 5OJQJ 6OJQJOJQJ CJ OJQJA-.stqrstL  * > l$d%d&d'd-.stqrst   > Z ^  u `ap`&7_pi"#?&67Y'(I,VBp/09:Q% d> L h   > Z ^  u `apl`&7_pi &d(dhi"#?&67Y'(I,VBp^#?Y(IQn!!V"W"y"z"""""""""e#f#$8%9%J%%%%%%%b&o&&&' 'a(q(***&+@+++++,,z,:HJ>LLMN OOOOXP\TVXCJEHOJQJ5B* CJOJQJjV OJQJUj|OJQJU CJOJQJ 6OJQJ 5OJQJ >*OJQJ5>*CJOJQJOJQJFgical systems cannot be understood without knowledge of how organisms adapt to each other and the environment. So first a quick review of evolution (click here) Life History Patterns - optimization of traits that maximize the passing of genes on to future generations. If passing on genes determines LHP, why shouldn't all organisms reproduce shortly after birth, produce many, large offspring, reproduce frequently, take extensive care of young? Key to understanding life histories is to realize that the is a limited amount of energy that can be acquired by an organism. Different environmental situtations will determine how best to allocate that energy (text analogy of a household budget; can but all money into house payments). Allocations: -growth -maintenance -acquistion of more energy -escaping predators -reproduction number of time to reproduce age of first reproduction parental investment -etc. Text cites figures of 7-48% of physiological energy devoted to reproductive effort (includes rearing offspring). Variable, but never exclusively reproductive allocation. mean R0 = " lxmx = 1 if lx high, mx low if mx high, mx low Tinkle, lizard populations insert graph? Effort/allocation of energy to reproduction can be allocated several ways: 1. Ti FMicrosoft Word DocumentNB6WWord.Document.8 ՜.+,D՜.+,X hp|  'KSUE': -Life History Patterns (Evolutionary Ecology) Title 6>t _PID_GUID'AN{0C0D5180-3B79-11D7-ADFA-003065A124D2} Oh+'0   < H T`hpx'-Life History Patterns (Evolutionary Ecology)8.0ifeJM DirnbergeratM DNormalbITS12Microsoft Word 8.0n@ @^F@.w  "It is the ri reproduction What about Dolphins and Whales that do display parental care Evolutionary constraints and adaptations must be considered ap of first reproduction and size and Gizzard shad: Consquence& :`<`>```2a4a6a8a:a*CJOJQJ5>*OJQJ6>*OJQJ 6OJQJOJQJ 5OJQJs: Wf energy for a given population? Do life history traits for various populations tend to fall into definable combinations ('packages') of 'strategies'What kind of environmental conditions might select for semelparity?X X6XYY2Y4Y2]^`6`*CJOJQJ5>*OJQJ6>*OJQJ 6OJQJOJQJ 5OJQJs: Wf energy for a given population? Do life history traits for various populations tend to fall into definable combinations ('packages') of 'strategies'What kind of environmental conditions might select for semelparity? "It is the ri reproduction What about Dolphins and Whales that do display parental care Evolutionary constraints and adaptations must be considered ap of first reproduction and size and Gizzard shad: Consquence& :`<`>```2a4a6a8a:a