Atoms and Elements

Elements and Symbols 

1.1 Write the symbols for the following elements:

a.  copper             b. silicon

c.  potassium       d. nitrogen

e.  iron                  f. barium

g.  lead                 h. strontium

1.2 Write the symbols for the following elements:

a.  oxygen            b. lithium

c.  sulfur               d. aluminum

e.  hydrogen         f. neon

g.  tin                    h. gold

1.3 Write the name of the element for each symbol.

a.  C         b. CI                c. I                   d. Hg

e. F            f.  Ar                 g. Zn                h. Ni

1.4 Write the name of the element for each symbol.

a. He        b. P                  c. Na               d. Mg

e. Ca        f. Br                 g. Cd               h. Si

The Atom 

1.5 Is a proton, neutron, or electron described by the following?

a.   has the smallest mass

b.   carries a positive charge

c.   is found outside the nucleus

d.   is electrically neutral

1.6 Is a proton, neutron, or electron described by the following?

a.   has a mass about the same as a proton's

b.   is found in the nucleus

c.   is found in the largest part of the atom

d.   carries a negative charge

Atomic Number and Mass Number 

1.7 Would you use atomic number, mass number, or both to obtain the following?

      a.   number of protons in an atom

b.   number of neutrons in an atom

c.   number of particles in the nucleus

d.   number of electrons in an atom "7

1.8 What do you know about the subatomic particles from the following?

      a.   atomic number   

      b.   mass number

c.   mass number - atomic number

d.   mass number + atomic number

1.9 Write the names and symbols of the elements with the following atomic numbers:

      a.   3          b. 9                c. 20               d. 30

e.   10        f. 14               g. 53               h. 8

1.10 Write the names and symbols of the elements with the following atomic numbers:

a. 1            b. 11                c. 19                d. 26

e. 35          f. 47                 g. 15                h. 2

1.11 How many protons and electrons are there in a neutral atom of the following?

a.   magnesium                 b. zinc

      c.   iodine                          d. potassium

1.12 How many protons and electrons are there in a neutral atom of the following?

a.   carbon                         b. fluorine

c.   calcium                        d. sulfur

1.13 Complete the following table for neutral atoms.

1.14 Complete the following table for neutral atoms.

1.15 What are the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the following isotopes?

            a.  ²⁷₁₃ Al          b. ⁵²₂₄ Cr          c. ³⁴₁₆ S            d. ⁵⁶₂₆ Fe

1.16 What are the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the following isotopes?

            a. ²₁ H              b. ¹⁴₇ N            c. ²⁶₁₄Si            d. ⁷⁰₃₀ Zn

1.17 Write the symbol for the isotopes with the following:

                        Example: ²³₁₁ Na

a.      15 protons and 16 neutrons

b.      35 protons and 45 neutrons

c.       13 electrons and 14 neutrons

d.      a chlorine atom with 18 neutrons

1.18 Write the symbol for isotopes with the following:

                        Example:   ²³₁₁ Na

a.      an oxygen atom with 10 neutrons

b.      4 protons and 5 neutrons

c.       26 electrons and 30 neutrons

d.      a mass number of 24 and 13 neutrons

1.19 There are four isotopes of sulfur with mass numbers 32, 33, 34 and 36.

a.      Write the isotope symbol for each of these atoms.

b.      How are these isotopes alike?

c.       How are the different?

d.      Why is the atomic weight of sulfur not a whole number?

1.20    There are four isotopes of strontium with mass numbers 84, 86, 87 and 88.

a.      Write the isotope symbol for each of these atoms>

b.      How are these isotopes alike?

c.       How are they different?

d.      Why is the atomic weight of strontium not a whole number?

The Periodic Table 

1.21    Give the group or period number described by each of the following statements:

a.      contains the elements C, N and O

b.      begins with helium

c.       the alkali metals

d.      ends with neon

1.22    Give the group or period number described by each of the following statements:

a.      contains Na, K and Rb

b.      begins with atomic number 3

c.       the noble gases

d.      contains F, Cl, Br and I

1.23    Classify the following as an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, transition element, halogen or noble gas:

a.  Ca                 b.  Fe               c.  Xe

d.  Na                 e.  Cl

1.24    Classify the following as an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, transition element, halogen or noble gas:

a.  Ne                 b.  Mg             c.  Fe

d.  Br                  e.  Ba

1.25    Give the symbol of the element described by the following:

a.      Group 4A, Period 2

b.      A noble gas in Period 1

c.       An alkali metal in Period 3

d.      Group 2A, Period 4

e.      Group 3A, Period 3

1.26    Give the symbol of the element described by the following:

a.      an alkaline earth metal in Period 2

b.      Group 5A, Period 3

c.       A noble gas in Period 4

d.      A halogen in Period 5

e.      Group 4A, Period 4

1.27    Is each of the following a metal or nonmetal?

a.      calcium

b.      sulfur

c.       is shiny

d.      does not conduct heat

e.      in Group 7A

1.28    Is each of the following a metal or nonmetal?

a.      in Group 2A

b.      good conductor of electricity

c.       chlorine

d.      iron

e.      is not shiny

1.29    Are the following a metal or nonmetal?

a.  phosphorus               b.  magnesium

c.  silver                         d.  fluorine

e.  sulfur             f.  silicon

g.  nitrogen                    h.  aluminum

1.30    The following are trace elements that have been found to be crucial to the biochemical and physiological processes in the body.  Indicate whether each is a metal or nonmetal.

a.  zinc                            b.  cobalt

c.  manganese (Mn)      d.  iodine

e.  copper                       f.  selenium (Se)

g.  nickel                        h.  iron

Electron Arrangement in the Atom

1.31    Write the electron arrangement for each of the following elements:

Example:  Sodium 2,8,1

            a.  carbon                    b.  argon

            c.  sulfur                      d.  potassium

   e.  an atom with 13 protons and 14 neutrons

f.  nitrogen

1.32    Write the electron arrangements for each of the following atoms:

Example:  sodium 2, 8, 1

            a.  phosphorus            b.  neon           c.  ¹⁸₈ O

d.  an atom with atomic number 18

e.  aluminum               f.  silicon

1.33    Identify the element that has the following electron arrangements:

Energy Level:               1          2          3

a.                                    2e^-       1e^-

b.                                    2e^-       8e^-       2e^-

c.                                    1e^-

         d.                                    2e^-       8e^-       7e^-

         e.                                    2e^-       6e^-

1.34  Identify the element that has the following electron arrangements:

Energy Level:               1          2          3

a.                                    2e^-       5e^-

b.                                    2e^-       8e^-       6e^-

c.                                    2e^-       4e^-

         d.                                    2e^-       8e^-       8e^-

         e.                                    2e^-       8e^-       3e^-

 

1.35  a.  Electrons can jump to higher energy levels when they ___________ a specific amount of energy.

b.  When electrons drop to lower energy levels, they ___________ a certain amount of energy.

  

1.36    a.  Comparing x rays, microwaves and radio waves as shown in Fig 3.13, which has the highest radiation energy?

         b.  Why are we protected from x rays but not radio waves?

 

Periodic Law

 

1.37    The elements boron and aluminum are in the same group on the periodic table.

a.      Write the electron arrangements for B and Al.

b.      How many electrons are in the outer energy level of each atom?

c.       What is their group number?

 

1.38    The elements fluorine and chlorine are in the same group on the periodic table.

a.      Write the electron arrangements for F and Cl.

b.      How many electrons are in each of their outer energy levels?

c.       What is their group number?

 

1.39    What are the number of electrons in the outer energy level and the group number for each of the following elements?

Example:  fluorine 7e-; Group 7A

a.  magnesium                 b.  chlorine

c.  oxygen                        d.  nitrogen

 

1.40    What is the number of electrons in the outer energy level and the group number for each of the following elements?

Example:  fluorine 7e-; Group 7A

a.  lithium                        b.  silicon

c.  neon                            d.  argon

 

1.41    Would you expect Mg, Ca and Sr to display similar physical and chemical behavior?  Why?

 

1.42    Name two elements that would exhibit physical and chemical behavior similar to chlorine.

 

 

 Subshells and Orbitals

 

1.43    What would be the maximum number of electrons in the following?

a.  2p orbital                    b.  2p subshell

c.  shell 2                         d.  3s orbital

 

1.44    What would be the maximum number of electrons in the following?

a.  1s subshell                 b.  3s subshell

c.  shell 3                         d.  4s orbital

 

1.45    Write the electron arrangement using subshell notation (1s²2s²) for the following elements:

a.      magnesium

b.      phosphorus

c.       argon

d.      sulfur

e.      chlorine

 

1.46    Write the electron arrangement using subshell notations (1s²2s²) for the following elements:

a.      potassium

b.      sodium

c.       beryllium

d.      nitrogen

e.      carbon

 

1.47    Identify the element that has the following electron arrangement:

a.  1s¹

b.  1s²2s²2p³

c.  1s²2s²2p⁶3s¹

d.  1s²2s²2p⁶

 

1.48    Identify the element that has the following electron arrangements:

a.  1s ²2s²2p²

b.  1s ²2s¹

c.  1s ²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁴

d.  1s ²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶3s²

 

 

1.49    Distinguish between:

a.      atoms and isotopes

b.      atomic number and mass number

 

1.50    distinguish between:

a.      chemical symbol and isotope symbol

b.      atomic number and atomic weight